Chapter I. Introduction to the Law and Economics of Technology Industries A. Selected Characteristics of Technology Industries and Markets 1. Rapid Innovation 2. Network Effects and Switching Costs 3. Multi—Sided Platforms 4. Interoperability 5. Standards and Intellectual Property B. General Principles of Antitrust Analysis of Technology Industries. 1. Static Versus Dynamic Competition, Efficiencies and Harms 2. Volatility of Market Shares a. Google/Double Click b. Sirius/XM c. Google/AdMob & iAd d. Microsoft 3. Focus on innovation a. Bazaarvoice/PowerReviews b. Bing/Yahoo 4. R&D Costs and Competitive Pricing 5. Recognized Benefits of Cooperation/Standard Setting 6. Importance of intellectual Property Rights 7. FRAND Encumbered 8 Evidence-Based Enforcement C. Market Definition and Market Shares 1 Entry Barriers Can Limit Disruptive Forces 2. Multi-Sided Platforms Can Complicate Market Definition D. Enforcement and Remedies. 1. Traditional Enforcement and Remedies 2 Typical Remedies in High Tech with Examples. a. Compulsory Licensing (1) CoreLogic/DataQuick (2) Ticketmaster/Live Nation (3) Nielsen/Arbitron b. Non-Discriminatory Access (1) Comcast/NBC Universal (2) Microsoft (3) Intel (4) Google/ITA c. Prohibitions on Injunctive Relief for FRAND Encumbered SEPs (1) Google/Motorola (2) Robert Bosch GmbH. 3. Protecting Maverick Innovators a. H&R Block/TaxAct b. AT&T/T-Mobile. Chapter II Horizontal Restraints A. Fundamentals 1. What Is a Horizontal Agreement 2. Per Se vs. Rule of Reason Vs. Quick Look B. Recurring Horizontal Issues in Technology Industries 1 Joint Ventures 2. Trade Associations a. General Rules and Issues b. Conspiracy c. Membership d. Self-Regulation and Member Services 3. Information Exchange and Benchmarking a. industry Structure b. The Nature of the Information Exchanged 4. Noncompetition Agreements a. Employee Agreements and Agreements Attendant to the Sale of a Business b. “Naked” Noncompetition Agreements 5. Standard Setting and Patent Disclosure a. Certification and Standard Setting b. Patent Disclosure Policies and Patent Enforcement 6. Horizontal Restraints and Intellectual Property a. Patent Pools and Cross-Licenses (1) The DOJ & FTC’s IP Guidelines (2) The IP Guidelines in Practice (a) Competitive Position of Pool Patents (b) Licensing Restrictions (c) Grantback Terms (d) Information Flow and Royalties (3) Judicial Guidance (a) Cinram (b) Princo (c) Wuxi Multimedia (d) Sumco (e) Zenith b. License Restrictions: Field of Use, Territories and Customers (1) Field-of-Use Restrictions c. Territorial and Customer Licensing Restrictions d. Concerted Refusals to License and Group Boycotts (1) Government Guidance (2) Judicial Treatment C. Differences Abroad 1. European Union Law a. The Prohibition b. The Exemption c. Block Exemptions d. Individual Exemptions e. Object Restrictions f. “Effect” Restrictions 2. Chinese Law. a. General Regulations (1) Horizontal Prohibitions under the Anti-Monopoly Law (2) Exemptions b. Horizontal Restraints in Technology Industries (1) Joint R&D (2) Patent Pooling (3) Cross-Licensing (4) Standardization (5) Cases Relating to Horizontal Restraints in Technology Industries 3. Japanese Law a. General Regulation (1) Private Monopolization (2) Unreasonable Restraints of Trade (3) Unfair Trade Practices b. Guidelines Related to Technology industries (1) JFTC Guidelines (2) JFTC Standardization Guidelines (3) JFTC R&D Guidelines e. Application to Horizontal Restraints in Technology Industries 4. South Korean Law a. Information Exchanges and Benchmarking b. Strategic Alliances and Other Non-Hardcore Cartels e. KFTC IP Guidelines and Collusive Acts (1) Collaborative Conduct among LP Rights Holders (2) Patent Pools and Cross-Licensing (3) Settlement of IP-Related Disputes Chapter III Vertical Restraints A. Fundamentals 1. What Is a Vertical AgreementRestraint? 2. Per Se vs. Rule of Reason vs. Quick Look 3. Agency Guidance in the Licensing Context B. Vertical Restraints in Technology Industries 1. Tying arrangements a. Elements of a Tying Claim. b. Tying and Product Integration. c. “Technological Tying” and Product Innovation d. Patent—Product Tying e. Tying in the Mandatory Package Licensing Context f. Bundied Discounts and Tying g. Defenses to Tying Claims 2. Exclusive Dealing 3. Restraints Affecting Resale a. Resale Price Maintenance Generally b. Resale Price Maintenance Involving Patents C. Vertical Restraints in the European Union 1. Application of Article 101 to Vertical Restrains 2. Agency Agreements 3. Vertical Restraints Block Exemption Regulation 4. Enforcement in Individual Cases 5. Technology Transfer Block Exemption (TTBER) a. Description of the TTBER b. Relevant Changes from the Previous TTBER Regime 6. Developments in E-Commerce and Online Distribution D. China 1. China’s Anti-Monopoly Law 2. Intellectual Property Licensing 3. Resale Price Maintenance 4. Abuse of Dominance: The Qualcomm Case E. Korea 1. Overview of Korean Fair Trade Act on Vertical Restraints 2. Resale Price Maintenance 3. Unfair Trade Practices 4. Abuse of Market Dominance 5. KFTC IPR Guidelines 6. SK Telecom Case 7. Qualcomm case. Chapter IV Mergers and Acquisitions A. General Background 1. Merger Review in the United States 2. Merger Review in Other Key Jurisdictions a. European Union b. China c. Japan d. Korea B. Horizontal Merger Analysis in Technology Markets 1. Recurring Horizontal Issues in Technology Industry Mergers a. Narrow and/or Highly Differentiated Product Markets b. Dynamic Markets and Potential for New Entry e. The Role of Innovation d. Nonprice Competition e. Interoperability and Network Effects f. Multi-Jurisdictional Reviews 2. Remedies in Horizontal Mergers in Technology Industries C. Vertical Transactions 1. Theories of Competitive Harm a. Foreclosure and Raising Rivals Costs b. Coordination 2. Non-Horizontal Patent Acquisitions in Technology Markets. Chapter V Single—Firm Conduct A. Fundamentals 1. Introduction and Overview 2. United States a, Sherman Act Section 2 b. FTC Act Section 5 3. European Union 4. China 5. Japan 6. Korea B. Single-Firm Conduct in the United States 1. Exclusive Dealing, Tying, and Bundied Discounting .a. Exclusive Dealing b Tying e Bundled Discounting 2. Interoperability and Refusal to DealLicense a. Refusal to Deal (1) General Principles (2) Refusals to Deal in High-Tech (a) Monopolist’s Prior Relationship with Rival (b) Monopolist’s Justification for TerminatingChanging Relationship with Rival (e) Monopolist’s Refusal to Deal Without Justification b. Refusal to License Intellectual Property 3. Misuse of Patents a. Tying b. Post-Term Royalties e. Licensing Provisions d. Bad-Faith Enforcement 4. Product Design and introduction a. Overview b. Legal Framework for Analyzing Predatory Product Innovation (1) Courts Are Generally Protective of Design Modifications (2) “Reverse” Per Se Rule 5. Standard Setting a. Standard-Setting organizations and antitrust Law (1) Patent Ambush (2) Patent Hold Up b. Evolving issues (1) What Constitutes a FRAND Rate? (2) The Availability of injunctions for Holders of FRAND-Encumbered SEPs C. Single-Firm Conduct in the European Union 1. Fundamentals a. Legal Basis b. Enforcement 2. Exclusionary Abuses a. Tying b. Loyalty Discounts e. Predatory Pricing d. Refusals to SupplyLicense (1) Essential-Facilities Doctrine (2) Refusal to License Intellectual Property (3) Refusal to Engage in Product Development 3. Exploitative Abuses a. Unfair Pricing b. Discrimination 4. Standard Setting a. Market Definition and Dominance in SEP Cases b. Patent Ambush e. Patent Holdup (1) SEP Holder Seeking injunctive Relief (2) Determining a FRAND Rate D. Single-Firm Conduct in China 1. Fundamentals a. Introduction and Overview b. Enforcement Authorities c. Governing Rules 2. Abusive conduct a. Market Definition and Dominance b. Excessive and Discriminatory Pricing c. Refusals to Deal d. Tying e. Exclusive Dealing 3. Standard Setting a. Patent Ambush b. Supra-FRANDExcessive Pricing E. Single-Firm Conduct in Japan 1. Fundamentals a. Introduction and Overview (1) Legal Basis (2) Enforcement b. Vertical Single-Firm Conduct (1) Tying (2) Conditional Rebates (3) Predatory Pricing / Discriminatory Treatment (4) Breach of Patent Non-Assertion Provisions c. Refusals to SupplyLicense 2. Standard Setting a. Apple v. Samsung b. JFTC IP Guidelines F. Single-Firm Conduct in Korea 1. Fundamentals a. Introduction and Overview (1) Governing Rules (2) Definition of Dominance (3) Standard of Review b. IPR Guidelines and Exercise of IPR (1) Product and Technology Markets (2) Dominance in IPR (3) Standard. for Review 2. Types of conduct a. Price Abuse b. Business Interference (1) Unjust Refusal to License IPR (2) Imposition of Unjust Licensing Conditions (3) Abusive Lawsuits for Infringement of IPR (4) Patent Ambush and Hold-up (5) Exercise of Patents by NPEs 3. Exclusionary Abuse and Harm to Consumer Welfare
